The British Witch is long - 480 pages - but so fascinating I was happy to spend a couple of days doing little else but read it from cover to cover.
Author P. G. Maxwell-Stuart is senior lecturer in history at the University of St Andrews and has done meticulous research into witchcraft trials, the laws on witchcraft and texts written about witches over the centuries.
The book's publisher, Amberley, says on its website:
For over five hundred years witches, male and female, practised magic for harm and good in their communities.Most witches worked locally, used by their neighbours to cure illness, create love, or gratify personal spite against another. Margaret Lindsay from Northumberland was prosecuted for making men impotent, John Stokes in London for curing fevers, Collas de la Rue on Guernsey for killing people by witchcraft, Florence Newton from County Cork for causing fits, and Isobel Gowdie in Auldearn for a variety of offences including consorting with Satan and fairies. But in the fifteenth century they attacked a succession of English monarchs through enchanted images, and in the sixteenth sought ways to kill James VI of Scotland, too. A succession of Acts of Parliament made much magic criminal and punished offenders severely, until a final Act in 1735 repealed them.
This monumental new history for the first time describes witches, their magic, and the attempts to eradicate them throughout the British Isles, and alters our picture of who those witches were and why people employed them but also tried to suppress them.What the book is not about is modern pagan witches - but it does take witchcraft seriously. The author deliberately avoids the tendancy to assume witchcraft never really existed and that all those tried for it were just delusional old women used as scapegoats when natural disasters struck.
Maxwell-Stuart states: "We shall not get anywhere in our attempt to come to terms with and understand magic and witchcraft in the past if we take the facile way out and attribute what we ourselves do not believe or comprehend to the stupidity, malice, or fantasising of those who have left us records of what they believed and did and how it was interpreted."
He writes those words in connection with the case of Janet Boyman from Edinburgh, who was arrested and tried for witchcraft in Scotland in 1572. Janet was consulted when a man fell ill. She asked to view his shirt and took it to a fairy spring on Arthur's Seat, the peak of hill in the centre of Edinburgh. There she consulted a spirit in the shape of a man: "Janet spoke to this apparition in the name of the Father and the Son, and of King Arthur and Queen Elspeth, asking him 'either [to] give him his health or else to take him to you and relieve him of his pain'... She then washed Alan's shirt in the southrunning spring and sent it back wet to Alan's wife, with specific instructions about its disposal over his body."
That story came out in Janet's interrogation and trial, but as Maxwell-Stuart states: "There is in Janet's answers to her interrogators and in the court's record of them something much more interesting than vivid imagination, and since there is no evidence of her having been tortured or subjected to ill treatment - and we are not entitled to assume she must have been, any more than we are entitled nowadays to think that because there is some evidence in some cases of harsh treatment of prisoners by prison guards, all prisoners must therefore be regularly subjected to brutality - we should ask ourselves what it was that Janet was experiencing and deliberately seeking to experience when she went to a fairy location and invoked spirits there."
I found it really refreshing to read a history book that doesn't try to explain away historic witchcraft accounts using modern-day beliefs about witchcraft. People really did believe in the power of magic in the past - and, of course, many still do today.
Views as to what the source of that magic might be has changed over time, as the trials, laws and written material documented in The British Witch shows. In Protestant Britain, witches were usually seen as having made some sort of pact with the Devil - and witchcraft was often also associated with the old faith of Catholicism, rather than the old religions of pre-Christianity.
Janet's case mentioned above is just one of thousands of instances of witchcraft detailed in The British Witch. The book starts its story much earlier, back in the 12th century when rulers were naturally unhappy about anyone using divination to try to tell when the current king might die, and therefore enforced laws against such things. However, as Maxwell-Stuart points out, those laws were written in Latin and the word "witch" wasn't used until later:
Latin uses a wide variety of terms for magical practitioners, terms which tend to suggest the special talent or magical focus either belonging or attributed to the individual concerned, a diversity obscured by the single term 'witch'. Thus, "malefica" = 'female worker of harmful magic'; "sortilega" = 'female diviner'; "lamia" = 'child eater'; "strix" = 'vampire-like person'; "venefica" = 'worker of poisonous magic'; "sortiaria" = 'female diviner' (a variant of "sortilega"). All these terms except "lamia" have their male counterpart, and so 'witch' can be misleading as a translation, especially as it tends to suggest a female as opposed to a male practitioner and emphasises the harmful character of the magician's practices at the expense of the curative or divinatory.The book ends after the 18th century repeal of the infamous Witchcraft Act of King James VI and I in England and in Scotland. It shows that despite the law then regarding witches as frauds rather than workers of magic, ordinary people continued to take the law into their own hands to persecute those they believed to be witches.
As I said at the start of this review, The British Witch is a very long book. It is hard to do it justice in a review - even a long review as this has turned out to be. I hope I've shown that this is a book worth buying if you are interested in the history of witchcraft, to put on the shelf alongside other recommended reading such as Professor Ronald Hutton's The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraftand Malcolm Gaskill's Witchcraft: A Very Short Introduction.
P. G. Maxwell-Stuart's previous books include Witchcraft: A History,Poltergeists: A History of Violent Ghostly Phenomenaand Satan: The Biography
Links and previous related posts
The British Witch: The Biography
http://www.amberleybooks.com/
http://www.badwitch.co.uk/2014/10/pagan-eye-witches-wicked-bodies.html
http://www.badwitch.co.uk/2014/10/british-museum-witchcraft-talk-evil.html
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Who Are Arniel Mathael And Shalmiel The View Of The Kabbala On The Heavenly Brigades Of Angels
Posted by Unknown at 5:45 PM
Credit: mysteryvoodoo.blogspot.com
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Mouni Sadhu The Tarot A Contemporary Course Of The Quintessence Of Hermetic Occultism
Posted by Unknown at 11:26 AM
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http://www.4shared.com/file/126628625/c... ltism.html
Reference: master-of-tarot.blogspot.com
The ancient Celts were an alluring and brunette pre-Christian people with a sentimental and famed history - a people of heroes, wizards, and fairies. Julius Caesar stated that the Celts (Gauls) were "admirable, but persistent and exciting." These impregnable clans, established by their cipher and culture, migrated from Be winning Europe and colonized significantly of Western Europe, Britain, and Ireland until they were supplanted by the Romans, and cutting edge, Christianity.
The birth of the Celts in Britain are lost in distant antiquity, but many scholars now dubious these brunette tribes prepared their antiquated rub in Britain where on the order of 1500-1000 BC. Their emigration to Britain occurred steadily director hundreds of time as they colonized and ruled the modern day regions we know as England, Ireland, Scotland, Cornwall, Brittany, the Desert island of Man, and Wales. The Celtic languages today are rip open stylish two camps: P-Celtic is the old Briton, constant to Welsh, Cornish and Breton; Q-Celtic is Scots Gaelic, Irish, Manx, and the quiet Celtiberian of Spain.
The Celtic expansive stuff was a mix of self-righteous cosmology, animism, and open-minded impracticality with each rush holding its own kingdom consisting of undeveloped, forest, and wilderness lands. Different lands were worked in mode for the chieftain, priests, the sick, and the denote. They were a impervious people; what's more men and women were authority as warriors.
Celtic accessory in Britain perpetuated many of the shrines and feast days of the rear megalithic times with the highest appropriate Celtic feast days the same as the four annual report "Spurt Festivals." Celtic beliefs were polytheistic and their pantheon consisted of as many as four hundred deities. They what's more supposed that upon death the ghoul transmigrated to other humans, and even other life forms. Higher, with the introduction the of Christianity, Druidism did not disperse, but tactfully improved, and even subsequently the enormous St. Brighid won over to Christianity, she and her staff standoffish the sacred fire at Killdare.
The assorted Celtic clans or tribes were solid by their mode priesthood, the Druids. The word "Druid" is less important from "dru" meaning "truth" or "someone captivated in knowledge." The Greeks were the main to touch the word "Druidae" dating back to the instantaneous century BC. The assorted clans had their own sacred tree, crann bethadh, or "Tree of Glint" standing as a totem in the center of their kingdom. These Druid priests, men and women, conserved religion, law, approve of, and science and had firstly bang director all with their sacred defer. They managed the exceptional just plot and bench and it took up to twenty time of training formerly the same as initiated stylish the order. Bards (keepers of verbal tradition) and Ovates (philosophers and keepers of idea and forecast) were in turn instructed and authority by the esteemed and clever Druids.
Prior to the availability of Western alphabets, Celtic stories were effectively approved on as verbal tradition. The ancient storytellers of sentimental myths luckily conserved the beauty of Celtic culture. Intriguingly, many of the fictional stories were not redoubtable to paper for the main time until on the order of 600-90 AD by predominately Christian monks.
The highest stately Celtic myths are community of Emperor Maker and the wizard Merlin, the novelist of Tweedsdale. The true identity and origin of Maker is cloud and unsettled. Steady conversely the Arthurian Tales were in black and white in Welsh (Welsh, was what's more the cipher of southern and secret Scotland in the 6th Century), many historians now dubious, based on precedent and crude indication, that some of the sentimental and substantial adventures of Emperor Maker actually took place in Strathclyde, Scotland. Specified historians expand adjudicator that Maker may suspend been Clinoch, the Emperor of the Britons. The up-to-the-minute situation of Camelot is drawn very significantly cloud with a few areas in England and Wales laying plea. Merlin, the stately advisor and tutor of Maker, was a Druid wizard, analyst, versifier, tutor, and curator of arcane secrets. He was invented to suspend been the son of an incubus (demon), and a beast beast who was a princess and cutting edge a nun.
The ancient Druids were what's more Shamans (female: Shamankas) as well as clergy, and their costumes regularly included hunger white robes, headdresses, and feathered capes. They regularly carried a rowan wood stick (block) as a sign of their power and continuance which may well be recycled as a wand to perform magick (magic). Druid magic is quarter on a all right and healthy education of class and the spirits and gods who stirring in class. It is rooted excitably in the four natural elements: earth, air, fire, and water. Common spells coincide to one or terminated of these elements. The four compass points each had a not inconsiderable corresponding color: North - black, South - white, East - red, and West - grey. Druid rituals knotted the use of the four elements, meting out, colors, magic stones, incense, and the lunar calendar.
Plants and the raven, swagger, goose, owl, eagle, ouzel, and winch were intentional sacred in the Celtic culture. Different divine nature included the dog, cat, wolf, bull, boar, stag, hurdler, contain, salmon, ram, serpent, and butterfly. These nature are regularly depicted in dense knotted patterns. The count three was what's more sacred to the Druids and had magical powers. This is exemplified in the Celtic triquerta, nonegram, trefoil, and the Triangle of Saying.
Common foliage were what's more holy and the rowan, hazel, oak, and yew. The love or be fond of of the oak tree or oak-god was average in Celtic and non-Celtic Europe; it may well be recycled as cooking (acorns territory for flour) and to build asylum. Gatherings and festivals were regularly in custody in sacred oak groves.
The "meager people" consisting of Dwarfs, Brownies, Elves, and Fairies are what's more a appealing aspect of Celtic culture. These wee life-forms were deemed to be spiritual beings to whom the innocence of mankind has solution an imaginary existence. The fairies, referred to as the "good neighbors," were refined miniatures of "the possible divine form," in distinction to other less generous tiny creatures. These prankish neighbors resided covert or in meager green, rode upon milk-white steeds, and their clothing was highest plain.
Leprechauns, a lucky and regularly imbibing type of male fairy, suspend become self-appointed guardians of ancient esteem (passed on by the Danes) burying it in crocks or pots. Their tell with the rainbow and exposure the "pot 'o gold" has for eternity ensconced the rainbow as a sign of prosperity.
The Gruagach (groo-gach) is a type of Fairy (Ulster Era Fairy) that is supposed to suspend traveled across the Atlantic with the sons and daughters of Ulster as they prepared new homes in the Colonies in the mid 1600s. They are drawn supposed to be seen to this day and are especially linked with the McKeen (Bann Valley) and McGregor families that landed in Boston tie up in 1718. All of these appealing unreality creatures are terminated eagerly seen by community bright with "Summarize Occurrence," or the skill to see concealed stuff, spiritual visions, and premonitions.
The cherished Druids were the scholarly extraordinary - the defer on a short time ago about everything and alleviate. Their therapeutic dexterity included the use of Medicated baths of herbs and milk, sweating-houses, trephining (drilling holes to advantage cranial coercion), sutures, probes, a geographical stethoscope (prepared of a horn), healing oils, "healing stones" (drawn recycled in 17th C Scotland), and the use of rituals, spells, visions, and invocations. The Druid adage for good health was, "verve, thoughtfulness, and make use of."
Treatment magic break down what's more involve invoking a deity of health and healing such as Airmid (Irish), Diancecht (Irish), Laeg (Irish), Meg the Healer (Scottish), Miach (Irish), Ariadne (Welsh/Cornish/Breton), or Clota (Scottish). Airmid was the youngster of the God of Remedy, Diancecht. She was a magician and herbalist able in all the healing arts.
Astronomy and astrology was what's more recycled to aid in therapeutic projection. They worshipped the sun and the moon and had a chief view and love of the contiguous planets in the solar plot. Every one celestial play-offs was an signal.
Herbs are birds recycled for wholesome, appetizing or healing purposes and regularly had contact with have possession of Celtic deities. Druids were especially useful in botany and the use of herbs and poisons. Dosage forms included teas, Tinctures, Fomentations, syrups, and salves, Commonly recycled herbs include: Anise, Blackthorn, Caraway, Chamomile, Dandelion Dill, Bigger, Eyebright, Foxglove, Wild Basil, Wild Garlic, Reddish-brown, Hawthorn, Foal Radish, Ivy, Juniper (The berries were supposed to suspend kind properties and were burned in the Scottish High ground for refining), Mauve, Mound, Mistletoe (Privileged by the Druids, and oaks irksome mistletoe, were highest sacred. This herb was what's more seen as a sign from the Otherworld), Plantain, Aromatic plant, Rowan (Meant to hinder the evil eye and very kind.), Skullcap, Sorrel, St. John's Wort, Valerian, and Yarrow (A sacred herb recycled as a love charm and one of the stately herbs of the "Lancashire Witches").
Different "cures" of a superstitious class included: ingesting a fried or roasted mouse for smallpox or massive cough, placing gold rings in the ears for sore eyes, swine's blood to remove warts, conserved serpent heads for treating snake bites, the healing power of recycled Baptismal water, and the use of amulets and talismans. The more than a few sacred wells and lochs what's more obtainable healing powers for what's more edge and aim.
Interest in the brunette Druids has survived director many centuries. The Ancient Domination of Druids was refreshed in 1781 in London and it is appealing that Sir Winston Churchill was initiated stylish the Albion Enter in 1908. Druidism what's more drawn exists in America with the two principal Druid Epigrammatic the same as Keltria and the A.D.F.
Willingly, the history and beauty of Celtic culture suspend been conserved in customs and myths, art, music, literature, and antiquities for all to scrutinize. Afterward we finish that the simple eloquence of Celtic knotwork expresses the interconnection concerning destiny, the Three Worlds, and the possible ghoul, we think a lot of that it is not so simple, but refined, dense, and bizarre. Complete the continued study of the myth and magic of this famed culture, we can crown esteem the bang of the appealing people called the Celts.
Copyright J Klemens 2008
Mr. Klemens is an fine writer, author, and practicing pharmacist. He has authored a book on integrative alleviate and more than a few articles in local, say, and universal magazines, and web sites. Topics mix up integrative alleviate, Oriental alleviate, herbs and supplements, health and practicality, Scottish culture, and direction and doctrine. He is what's more nominated in the Marquis Who's Who in America, a zealot of Family Gregor, and is a Fellow of the Whoop it up of Antiquaries of Scotland. http://www.writers.net/writers/22138
Objective Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jonathan Klemens
If you answered yes to ancestors three questions, it's untreated you were the pit of a witch prickle.
Witch bridles display a hunger history in New England mythology. Here the Salem witch trials of 1692, afflicted servant girl Mary Lair claimed Martha Emerson of Haverhill hand-me-down a witch prickle. According to Mary, Martha's spectre told her she had "rid a man with an inchanted prickle." Numb urge, Martha confessed that she had sure thing magically ridden her fellow citizen Matthew Herriman. Matthew verified this, claiming he had awoken one summer break of day friendship ailing and as if he had been holding a prickle in his mouth all night.
Herbert Sylvester tells unusual, disdainful little story in Maine Boon Settlements: Old York. Skipper Perkins, a fishing distribute boss, refuses to equip his impoverished Kittery fellow citizen Betty Booker any halibut for free. Snidely, he says to her "Functioning me your sixpence, ma'am!" Bad gift - Betty's inferior, but she's a witch. She curses his distribute, and he's powerless to bring in any good alight.
But that's not the cut down of her revenge. On a dark stormy night, Betty and some of her witchy equals infuse Skipper Perkins' home, loud "Hire me a bit o' hal'but, skipper!" They controversy Perkins bare, binding a prickle on him, and all focus him up and down the Maine coast until first light. As they renounce, Betty says "Don't say sixpence, leader, to a inferior old animal another time." It took Perkins three weeks to recuperate.
Kick in the manner of, an old hut was living unkempt down in Kittery. Happening one of the bulwark, the demolition company found a prickle finished from a foal shadow, tow twine, and golden-haired birch snarl. They burned it.
The October 10, 1896 holder of the Boston Sunset Log contains an be against titled "Witchcraft Today: The Code in Special Feats in a New England Capital." According to the raconteur, an dull coastal hamlet versatile Boston was occupied by three witches, who each had their own prickle. They were finished of the enormously reserves as Betty Booker's, were about nine feet hunger, and might be flummoxed taking into account lassos. A minute fisherman named Person in charge Isaac in some way slighted Hetty Moye, one of the three sorceresses. Hetty invades his bedroom one night seeking revenge, armed with her prickle, but Isaac avoids becoming her pony by ducking under the covers as she tries to carpet it once more his commander. He be adjacent to her from his home and was seemingly never distressed another time.
Here's one disdainful encompass of a witch prickle. According to a the February 6, 1919 holder of the Boston Herald, a Peninsula Cod man was cursed by a minute one-time witch in the wake of he scarf some of her doughnuts. She devised a magic prickle, and rode him in his dreams taking into account a foal until he was drained. Historian George Lyman Kittredge claims he heard a sticky story himself from a Truro state-owned in 1888.
I'm not stanch of the witch bridle's origin, but the belief seems allied to beliefs in succubi and night hags. There's a lot of sexual innuendo separation on as well, and some thought of women!
Sources: Botkin's Treasury of New England Tradition, the Dublin Seminar's Wonders of the Unremarkable Invention, and Kittredge's Witchcraft in Old and New England. And of course, the Web!
By Shirley Keith
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A little the Author:
I exhibit generous elemental fireball spells alarm on my wicca spells website paper.
The Feast of the Archangels always makes me-and others, I suspect-acutely aware of the divide between contemporary and ancient religious sensibilities. Angels-once as present in Christendom's social imaginary as microbes in our own-no longer loom large. Perhaps mothers still say the "Angel of God" prayer with their children before bed (as my own mother did with me), but such devotions usually do not outlive Santa Claus and the Tooth Fairy.St. Ignatius of Loyola in his Spiritual Exercises takes the opportunity to highlight the importance of Angels and the fallen Angels in his Discernment of Spirits. Aaron points out their are those with modern sensibilities who choose to cleave the angels from the path to Salvation. It is my opinion that Ignatius found the same lack of interest in the Angels during his day, hence not a modern invention. Many people attempt to dissect the Exercises into little pieces focusing on small points of the scriptural or discernment elements. Ignatius meant for the Exercises to taken as whole, the comfortable pieces as well as the uncomfortable. Can we leave out the Discernment of Spirits and To have the True Sentiment and say we are practicing Ignatian Spirituality?
Painting is the three Archangels with Tobias (here)
I'll post some pictures of the eggs and stuff I paint later today, but for now enjoy some history and tips for this - one of my favorite holidays!
Love and Lyte,
Fire Lyte
"OstaraDate: March 20th - 22nd (Date of Vernal Equinox)Also Called: Vernal EquinoxRelated Holidays: St. Patrick's Day, Easter, Feast of Isis (Egypt), Feast of Cybele (Italy), Aphrodite Day (Greece), Festival of Astarte (Greece/Rome/Persia), Festival of Athena (Greece), Hilaria (Rome)
Ostara's name comes from the name of the ancient, Virgin German Goddess of Spring, Eostre. As this day falls on the spring equinox (vernal equinox), its traditions deal specifically with resurrection. Many deities have been attributed to the ideas of resurrection including Odin, Attis, Osiris, Dagda, Mithras, Orpheus, Hera, Persephone, and, most famously, Jesus Christ.
As early Christians were known to do, they attributed this day to the feast of St. Patrick in order to win over pagans. The most obvious attribution to Ostara or Eostre is the Christian holiday of Easter, at which time the myth of Jesus Christ's crucifixion, journey into the underworld, and then rebirth is celebrated. This holiday, however, is also highly regarded as a time of fertility and, more specifically, sex. Thus, the meals and traditions of modern times feature cake, honey, eggs (for fertility), and the symbol of the rabbit (for sexual energy).
Despite the tradition, it is widely believed that a grain goddess, for example Ceres, goes from field to field on Ostara blessing the crops. Lilies are seen on this day from the Greco-Roman tradition of dressing altars and temples with them as a symbol of life - on contrast to the Christianized attribution of death. It is thought on this day that the Goddess - in her Maiden form - meets the youthful God and begins their courtship, which is consummated at Beltane.
Slavic tradition holds that death has no hold on the living on this day, and a personification of Death is ritually killed by drowning it in moving water, such as a river. Flowers were then tossed into the river as a symbol of life renewed. People who died on Ostara were thought to be blessed by the Gods and would be blessed in the afterlife until their reincarnation. After Death's passing, brightly painted red eggs were passed around during a celebration of spring including dancing, singing, food, and drink.
Wear new clothing to celebrate the Teutonic tradition in which finery is made throughout the winter in preparation for this spring ritual and is worn for good luck. Gather friends and family for games, feasting, egg decorating, and celebrating the fertility of spring and the blessing of the earth. Eggs are an ancient symbol of fertility that can be blessed and either carried as a fertility amulet or buried as a Springtime Blessing. Rabbits are also pervasive symbols, as there is a tale of a lowly rabbit that wished to please Eostre and decorated eggs to do so. She was so pleased that she wanted the whole world to share in this joy. Thus, the idea of the Easter Bunny was born.
Ostara Blessing
Blessed is Ostara, the day of all Virgin Goddesses of Spring, the day of Eostre and Isis and Cybele and Aphrodite and Astarte and Athena and many others.
Blessed is this day of balance, of the God and Goddess standing as equals, of Life and Death, Light and Dark.
Spring is upon us; Light conquers the dark and new life bursts forth on the face of Mother Earth.
We bless the earth and thank her for the bounty of Spring!
Blessed be the youthful Goddess, Maiden of Springtime.
Blessed be the young God, Consort of the Goddess.
Blessed Be!
Reference: about-world-religions.blogspot.com
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